Cultural enrichment Essay Example for Free

Cultural enrichment EssayLast February 17, 2009, I went to the ISU Juried Student Exhibition which was located in the Center for playing and Arts Gallery building. The juror of the exhibition was Mr. Ronald Leax, Halsey C. an Ives Professor of Art in Washington University, St. Louis, MO. Most of the paintings that were being exhibited illustrate beauty and nature. Ive noticed that near of the people that were thither during the time of my visit appear uninterested with the art that was surrounding them. They barely noticed and appreciated art in its raw turn because most were just busy eating and chatting. They practically didnt understand why their teacher sent them to the gallery I believe they just went there for the sake of the class credits that they are going to get. But they were also a few who knew what art and beauty was, they showed their appreciation by praising and scrutinizing the whole kit in the gallery. Other people were also busy having their pictures taken b eside the beautiful paintings.As for myself, I was really intrigued by the works and the masters behind those paintings. How I wished I could come up with such art pieces that to me light uponmed like it was done during the middle ages. It was also entertaining to instruct how some paintings depicted things about devotion and politics it shows that people are really concerned with the current events happening and are even able to express it through art. It was also fascinating to watch the paintings that were cross-over from realism to non-objectivism.Those kinds of paintings are the ones that entertain the naked eye without much thought provocation. Those paintings are the ones that caught my eye because it is relaxing and entertaining to look at them. At the check of the day, I just hope that more would learn to appreciate the beauty of art rather than be overly absorbed from school or from work. They should see that art is relaxing to the soul and to the mind so people who ar e stressed out could go to art exhibits to unwind and to refresh their souls.

Education - Gymnasium Essay Example for Free

educational activity Gymnasium Essay command in India today is nothing comparable it was in Pre-Independence and Post-Independence Era. Education System in India today went with a lot of changes before it emerged in its cede form. Present education system in India is also guided by different aspirationives and goals as compargond to former time. Present system of education in India, however is based around the policies of yesteryears. After liberty, it was on 29th August 1947, that a Department of Education chthonian the Ministry of man Resource Development was set up. At that time the mission was the quantitative spread of education facilities. After, 1960s the efforts were more focussed to provide qualitative education facilities. The present research focus on steps through which our indian education system had g unity through. The basic moto of this research is to show that india has through serious efforts in education nd has shotremendous development but it is sti ll lacking in comparison with developed nations. This study is an effort to suggest about measures for its improvement.INTRODUCTION Education in every sense is one of the fundamental factors of development. No country can achieve growth without substantial investment in human capital. Education improves the quality of their lives and lead to broad social benefits to individuals and society. Education including formal education, public awargonness and training should be recognized as a process by which human beings and societies can reach their fullest potential.The pre british indian Education system comprised of three typesElementary education Secondary education higher(prenominal) education Although Higher education is seen as the producer of elite class in society which largely contribute in the system of governance. The dawn of independence saw the significance of higher education in its reach and coverage. At the time of independence, there was bleak situation of higher educat ion in India as the three important indicatorthe number of Educational institutions, the number of teachers and the students enrolment in Education.OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDYFirst objective of the research is to get a understanding of various Educational changes that have taken place in India from pre Independence era. To study various Act launched for Education growth. To Find current scenario of Education sector in India To suggest some meaningful meausures to improve our Education sector. MYTHODOLOGY The study is based upon second-string data. Data has been collected from various sources like www. humankind bank. in,UNESCO,UNTDA. Statistical figures ar main vehicle to achieve objective.It has studied internet research as well as policy papers and other appointed documents. CHANGES IN EDUCATION The changes which we are watching today due to education are may be because of various policy of presidency . Few of them are following The National policy on Education 1986 had underscor ed the constitutional resolve to provide quality Education to all. under this policy government decided to refresh the growth and development of higher Education through five year plan which paid rich dividend in promoting education in India.The Eighty 6th constitutional amendment act in December 2002,made elementary Education a fundamental right for all children in the age group of 6-14. The Government initiated the object of area intensive program for Educationally backward minority and scheme of financial assistance of madrasa Education as part of its revised programme of action(1992). Taking into consideration the need for technical Education so that readiness is acquired, the Government took steps to open industrial training comprise, medical colleges,polytechnics. At present there are 1500 such Institutes.National adult Education programme was taken up in 1978. The aim was to reach 100 portion literacy (age 15-35) by the year 1990. Its basic pupose was to promote small family. As a result of announcement of national policy on Education priority is given to vocationalisation of secondary Education to make Education relevant to work. A central Institute of Education technology was set up in NCERT to purchase equipment for state Institute of Educational technology. UGC was set up in 1955 for coordination and determination of standards.UGChas taken steps to implement the recommendations of new policy on education such as autonomous colleges,centers of advanced studies in universities, establishment of education media research center and audio visual research center for the use of media and setting up academic round colleges for training and orientation of college teachers National program for nutritional support to primary Education was launched in 1995 under which food grains is provided to childrens in primary classes. The program assures 199 gm of grain per day for attending school for at least 80 percent of total school days in a month.Following India independence a number of rules were formulated for backward scheduled caste and scheduled tribes of India. Special reservation are also provided for scheduled caste and scheduled tribes representative a reservation of 15 percent in kendriya vidyalaya for scheduled caste and another reservation of 7. 5 percent in kendriya vidyalaya fot scheduled tribe. CURRENT billet There were 20 universities and 496 college at the time of Independence At present universities and university level institutions-504 State universities-243 State private universities-53 Central universities-40.Deemed universities-130 Institutions of National importance realised under act of Parliament-33 Institutions realized under various state legislation-5 In addition there are 25951 college including atound 2565 women college Table-1 All India Growth of institutions Year. Universities Colleges. Total 1947-48. 20 496. 516 1950-51 28. 578. 606 1960-61. 45 1819. 1864 1970-71. 93 3227. 3320 1980-81. 123. 4738 4 861 1990-91. 184 5748 5932 2000-01 266 11146. 11412 2004-05 348 17625. 17973 2005-06. 355. 18064. 18419 2006-07. 367. 19000 19367 2007-08. 416. 20677 21093 2008-09. 480 22000. 22480.2009-10 504. 25951. 26455 Source UGC To promote higher education, college were established to provide specialized professional or vocational training. The first ever college in india was during the British rule in 1817,the CMS college kottaysm in kerela. After induction of new education policy, college education got flip and has increased manifold. Women enrolment was less than 10 percent of total enrollment on eve of Independence and it was risen to 41. 40 percent Number of teachers in 1950 were 15000 , in 1991 teachers were 272 thousand and in 2004 it was 457 thousand , in 2010 it was 699 thousand.Number of students enrolled in 1950 was 0. 1 million , in 1991 it was 4. 9 million,in 2004 it was 9. 95 million and in 2010 it reaches to 14. 6 million. EVIDENCE As Indias higher Education system is one of th e humanness largest, enrolling nearly 22 million students in more than 46000 institutions. The changing landscape of higher education should be noted by key administrator, particularly government should be aware of the opportunity for institutions to nurture entrepreneurial growth and establish partnership with various organization to address community needs.Indias government currently plays a command and control role in higher Education. Under government oversight, public universities set curricula, determine courses offering, administer exam and grant degrees. But in 12th five year plan government key policy for economic development theory 2017 proposes a steer and evaluate role that allows a greater degree of self regulation and enforces higher level of accountability across the education system institutions The Economic development through Education is all the way evident in market , motivation for service which have pace.ADVANCEMENTToday development of Education in India has attained new level essentially afterwards the independence of country. India is developing nation and it has been expanding in every field. Development of Education in India brought about a transformation and the concept of Education got modified. India got well know Educational institutions such as IITs,IIMs,AIIMS,, ISB,ISI. Indias higher Education system is the third largest in world after China and Uk. The Development of Education has traveled a longway and thus Indian Education system introduced certain advantageous system such as online Education in India.Online Education is a system of Education training which is delivered primarily via the Internet to students at remote location. Online Education enables the students to opt for many online degrees or courses from various university In the modern times, students are provided with extensive image and courses to choose from and they enjoy the opportunity of selecting the required field. The system of distance Education in Indi a is becoming increasingly popular. The student choosing distance learning process are benefitted with modern pattern followed.Development of Education in India ensures that all Indian citizens will receive Education in spite of financial constraints or inaccessibility of college and school. In addition the non formal Education is launched which is about acknowledging the importance of Education, learning and training which takes place outside recognized Educational institutions. It is the process of learning end-to-end life.PROBLEMS Undoubtedly India has made a vast improvement in education sector but stilk it lacks in some or the other way like1)The enrollment rate in India had shown progress of gross enrollment rate in higher education to 17. 2 percent over the years still it was short as per the world standard as seen,the Country was behind China 19 percent and UK 60 percent and USA 82 percent 2)The teacher strength in institutions of higher education was far from adequate. 3) Gross enrollment has increasd but were not matching anywhere with developed countries 4)Wide variations are seen in uncouth and urban areas 5)Regional disparities are also visible. 6)Education given is irrelevant according to job market7)Innovation and creation are missing from the field 8)Education is seen as a object of providing immediate skills and tools, not means for future growth 9)By far one of the most pressing problem is that unavailability of money or inadequate mount of Indian Education system.RECOMMENDATIONS Our Education system still in this era faces many problems. funny thing is that from colonial times, few things have changed. we have established IITs,IIMs and other Institute of excellence. Students now routinely score 90 percent marks still find difficult to get into college of their choice.we live in a country where the people see Education as means of climbing the social and economic ladder. Some of the useful measures to improve our education system are follo wing 1)Private capital should be allowed in Education to reach at excellence level and compete with developed nations 2)Personalize education should focused as one size does not fit all humans. So Education should be given according to its demand. 3)Implement massive technology infrastructure for Education 4)Focus on skill based technology according to modern era 5)Reward creativity, original thinking, research and innovation.6)Redifine the purpose of Education system 7)Take mediocrity out of the system 8)Policy makers in India should cross to develop and implement an accreditation system that can over time become a key measure of quality. 9)An Effort is needed to gradually phase in methods to link funding to quality measure. 10)Raising the level of Education, to be competitive like developed nations. 11)Identify the need of business and industry, then supply Education to fulfill their demand REFERENCES Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2001). Selected Educational Statistics 2001-2002, Government of India, New Delhi.Ministry of Human Resource Development. (2001). Annual Report, 2003-2004, MHRD, Government of India, New Delhi. Shukla, Snehlatha, et. al (1998). Attainment of Primary School Children in India, NCERT. Strides in Education in India, Ministry of Human Resource Development, Government of India Registrar General and Census Commissioner. (2001). Census of India 2001. Provisional Population Totals Paper-I of 2001, Controller of Publications, New Delhi. Ministry of Human Resource Development, Analysis of Budgeted Expenditure on Education 2000-01 to 2002-03, Government of India,New Delhi.

Concentration Levels of Essential Metals

Concentration Levels of Essential Metals proportional Distribution of Selected Essential Metals in Drinking Water by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometric MethodTanzeel ur Rehman and Misbah ZahidABSTRACTThis line of business reports the submerging levels of selected all important(p) each(prenominal)oys Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Zn in the drinking piss collected from different beas of Islamabad. The levels of these coats turn over in the drinking ground piss were compared with standards reported worldwide. The analysis was carried out using atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The mean metal concentration for Na was far less than those reported worldwide, part the average concentrations of K and Zn were alike less than those reported worldwide. The mean concentration of Fe was commensurate to those reported worldwide standards. Sodium showed maximum concentration while Fe was estimated to be the lowest among the selected metals.Key Words Essential Metals Ground weewee Atomi c Absorption SpectrophotometryINTRODUCTIONEnvironmental pollution especially in the metropolitan cities is generally expected to deteriorate the quality of drinking peeing. One of the primal parameters of the quality of water system is represented by the concentration of major, minor and trace elements. In industrial areas, some of the metals may be expected to present at considerably elevated level as a result of excessive industrial effluents which might find their way to the underground drinking water reservoir1. reverse gear to such theory, one may suggest that, the underground drinking water resources may still be out of reach to the surface pollutants. In some(prenominal) of such cases, regular monitoring of trace metals is always recommended especially in the drinking water2.In Pakistan, only limited population has access to the purified public water supply while the rest of population is dependent upon direct withdrawal of water from both surface and underground sources. Most of the quality problems in Pakistan are due to lack of waste disposal regulations non-availability of treatment facilities and due to lack of public awareness about water quality3.Atomic absorption spectrophotometry is most commonly utilise for the determination of metal levels in the groundwater and soil4. In addition, few other techniques, such as X-ray fluorescence, ICPMS, ICPES, flame photometry, emission spectrography and voltammetry lease been used for metal analysis on limited scale. Atomic absorption method is preferably used because it is more sensitive, and reproducible, relatively free of interferences and convenient to use than most of the other methods of analysis. For the quantitative measurements of trace metal levels, normalization line method has been most widely applied. The most selective light sources in the form of hollow cathode lamps have been in use since a long in atomic absorption spectroscopy5.Drinking water used in Rawalpindi and Islamabad is co ntributed by two main(prenominal) sources. First is the surface water, mainly in the form of dams and the other is groundwater which is drained off after proper boring. Water supplied to twin cities of Rawalpindi and Islamabad is mostly a run-off collected from the watershed of Murree hills. The contamination is due to the anthropogenic emissions and geological structure of the area bearing unhealthy minerals affecting the taste and characteristics of water6. The pathogenic organism is alike responsible for health hazard, apart from the inorganic chemical7. The present study was carried out to estimate the concentration of selected essential metals Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe and Zn in the drinking water and then to compare these metal levels with the outside(a) standards in order to evaluate their health effects.EXPERIMENTALWater samples were collected from the residential areas of Islamabad. These samples were collected in formative bottles and stored in proper place before analysis. Be fore filling, the sample bottles were first rinsed with the sample water and were then filled to overflow so that no channelise bubble was left trapped in the sample. The samples were collected during day meter, mostly on a shiny day. Care was taken to collect the representative samples.For calibration line, working standards of the metals were prepared. The stock solutions of 100 ppm of all these metals were prepared from pure metal salts, or metal salt having fixed H2O molecules. The working standards were prepared by appropriately diluting 100 ppm stock solutions of these metals. All equipments used, were properly calibrated prior to experimental measurement.Atomic absorption spectrophotometer (Hitachi, 170-10, Japan) equipped with laminar flow burner. Air-acetylene flame was used for the determination of these metals under optimum analytical conditions shown in Table-1. Each metal was analyzed at its optimum wavelength under stipulated flow rate of oxidant and dismiss, as rec ommended by the manufacturer of the instrument. Every care was taken to reduce the contamination during the analysis.RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONThe analysis of selected essential metals was performed under the optimum analytical conditions as shown in Table-1. The absorption wavelength used for Ca was 422.7 nm, for Mg 285.2 nm, for Na 589.0 nm, for K 766.5 nm, for Fe 248.3 nm, Zn 213.8 nm. The lamp currents were properly adjusted as recommended by the manufacturer and oxidant and fuel flow rates were also controlled for maximum absorption signal (Table-1).The distributed parameters for the selected essential metals in the drinking water are shown in Table-2. Minimum levels for Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Zn were 1.15, 9.00, 11.21, 0.70, 0.20 and 0.23 ppm, while their maximum honours were 32.43, 25.64, 25.95, 4.43, 0.63 and 0.56 ppm respectively. Ca, Mg and Na were present at dominant levels while K, Fe, and Zn showed relatively low concentrations. Mean and median values were ready to be com parable in each case. Overall, the metal levels were quite divergent as manifested by relative mettlesome standard release values as well as appreciably large coefficient of variance.In water, trace amounts of metals are common, and normally, these are non harmful to health. In fact, some metals are essential for the sustainability of life. Ca, Mg, K and Na must be present at relatively high levels for normal be functions. Co, Cu, Fe, Mn, Mo, Se and Zn are needed as catalysts for enzyme activities at low levels. Drinking water containing high levels of these extremely fundamental metals or poisonous metals such as Al, As, Ba, Cd, Cr, Pb, Hg. Se and Ag may be sedate to health8.The presence of metals in water supply may be natural or may be the result of contamination. Natural presence of these metals is the result of dissipation of metals due to the connection of water with soil or rocks9. Corroded material i.e corrosion of pipes and waste disposal leakage are the major sourc es of contamination of water. Metals present at high enough level than threshold limit value should be removed to be out of risk factor.Comparison of present metal levels with the international standards is shown in Table-3. Ca is most-valuable in controlling nerve impulse conduction and muscle contraction in living organisms. It has very important role in blood clotting. It converts fibrinogen to fibrin during blood clotting10. Ca is very important for better health. Most of the required portion of Ca for human body is provided by the drinking water containing Ca. This particular amount of Ca prevents ailments as hypertension, osteoporosis and cardiovascular disorders. The calcium level was found in the range of 1.15 to 32.43 ppm. The WS-1, WS-2, WS-3 has approximately equal amount of Ca while the WS-6 has a maximum amount of Ca. The median of all these samples were 18.64 ppm. The WS-5 was found to have the minimum amount of Ca. All the observation shows that Ca has the low amoun t than the WHO standards. The standard disagreement is 8.02 and the coefficient of variance is 40.8 which is maximum than all the other elements.Magnesium is driven out from the bodies of healthy persons. stack may suffer from increase in blood pressure, muscle weakness and even coma if they have kidney disease. Mg is for signaling the nervous system and it also participates in osmotic and electrolyte balance. It is essentially required in photosynthesis. In human, it can cause genetic disorder11. In the present work the Mg mean value was found 18.04 ppm. The concentration of Mg ranges from 9.0025.64 ppm. The lowest value was found in WS-6D and the highest was found in WS-2C. The median was found 16.36 ppm .All the values were found to be at a lower place the international standards of WHO. The maximum difference was found in WS-1 samples which is 15.9325.23. The median was lower than the mean which shows asymmetry in its distribution. The standard deviation is 4.59 ppm and co-ef ficient of variance is 23.21 which is lower than all other elements.Sodium is beneficial to healthy adults at normal intake levels. But people having hypertension or heart problem should reduce Na intake to lower the danger of heart diseases and blood pressure. Na has serious effects on both human life and crop yield. Water high in Na is considered soft and generable for irrigation12. In present study, the result showed the mean value of Na was 19.80 ppm which was higher than Ca and Mg but this level was not the toxic level, so it has no bad effects. Na levels range from 11.21 to 35 ppm. The least Na levels were found in WS-6D and the highest was found in WS-4E. The median was higher than the mean value which showed the electronegative asymmetry in the data. The spread of the data is found in form standards deviation and was 6.02 ppm and the co-efficient of variance was 33.39 %. In comparing with the international standards, the Na levels found in the samples were low than WHO, EU, UK and Japan, but are just equivalent to USEPA standards.In natural water, K is found in far smallest concentration than other metals. It acts in water as Na does, although it occurs in small concentration but plays an important role in metabolism of the fresh water environment and is regarded to be the vital macro-nutrients. It has an important role in maintenance of osmotic and electrolytic balance. It is important in proper rhythm of heart beat. It is important for creation of nerve impulse and its transmission13. In our analysis the K ranges from 0.70 to 4.43 ppm and mean value was 3.06 ppm. The lowest level was found in WS-6A and the highest in WS-3A. The median is 3.53 ppm which showed the negative asymmetry and standard deviation is 1.19 and co-efficient of variance is 39%. K values in present study were much lower than EU and UK standards.Iron in water has not hazardous for health by itself but it may be responsible for increasing the hazard of pathogenic organisms, because many of these organisms need Fe to grow. Iron is one of the most abundant metals in the earth crust and is essential for plants, animals and human being. The permissible limit placed on this metal has no health significance14. In our study the mean value found for the Fe was 0.39 ppm. The minimum value was found at 0.2 ppm in the WS-4B, and the maximum was 0.63 ppm in WS-1A. The median found for Fe was 0.40 which is greater than the mean and show asymmetry in the data. The standard deviation was 0.13 which showed small spread of the data. The co-efficient of variance value was 33.79%, in simile with the international standards of WHO, EU, USEPA, UK, Russia and Japan present levels were almost same. The iron present in the sample seems to be ferrous iron since no discoloration of water was discover when collected.Zinc is very important constituent in our diet. Zn has hazardous effects if we increase its amount 10-15 times higher than the amount required for good health. Large dose s of Zn taken orally even for a short period of time can cause nausea, stomach cramps and vomiting. Its intake for longer time results in anemia and in decreasing the levels of good cholesterol. Metal fume fever, a short term disease, may be the result of inhaling Zn as dust or fumes of coat. Breathing high levels of Zn for long time, no doubt, has long-term effects but these are still unknown. Zinc is essential element for plants and exists in water and soil as an organic complexes and inorganic salts. Zinc is required for growth, sexual development, wound healing infection, sense of taste and shadow vision in human15-17. The mean value found in water samples was 0.42 ppm which ranged from 0.23 to 0.56 ppm. The median of the data reading was 0.48 which showed negative asymmetry in the data. The standard deviation shown was 0.12 ppm and co-efficient of variance was 27.49 %. When these values are compared with international standards the Zn level was found lower than WHO, US EPA, R ussia, but was higher than EU.CONCLUSIONIt was observed during the present study that mean concentrations of Ca, Mg, Na, K, Fe, and Zn in the drinking water of Islamabad were found to be 19.65, 18.04, 19.80, 3.06, 0.39, and 0.42 ppm respectively. For Na, K, Ca, Mg and Zn, these values are far less in comparison to the concentrations reported worldwide, whereas for Fe present value is nearly equal to the reported values. Ca, Mg and Na were in high concentrations as they are macronutrients while K, Fe and Zn being the micronutrients were present in low concentrations. Over all, the selected metals revealed asymmetric distribution in their concentration duly reported by standard deviation and co-efficient of variation.Table-1 Optimum analytical conditions on FAAS for selected essential metalsTable-2 Distribution of selected essential metal levels (ppm) in the drinking waterBDL = Below Detection LimitsTable-3 Comparison of selected essential metal levels (ppm) with the international sta ndards reported world-wide18REFERENCESManahan, S. E. (1997). Environmental Science and Technology, Lewis Publishers, brisk York, pp. 339-340.Khan, M. J. Sarwar, S. and Khattak, R. A. (2004). Evaluation of river Jehlum water for heavy metals (Zn, Cu, Fe, Mn, Ni, Cd, Pb, and Cr) and its suitability for irrigation and drinking purposes at district Muzaffarabad (AK), daybook of the Chemical friendship of Pakistan, 26, 436-442.InamUllah, E. and A. Alam, (2014). Assessment of drinking water quality in Peshawar, Pakistan. Bulg. J.Agric. Sci., 20 595-600Robinson, J. W. (1995). Undergraduate Instrumental Analysis, 5th Edition, Marcel Dekker, New York, pp. 7-8, 316-318.Mendham, J. Denney, R. C. Barnes, J. D. and M. Thomas, (2000). Quantitative Chemical Analysis, 6th Edition, Addison Wesley Longman Singapore. pp. 60-64Manzoor, S. M. H Shah, M. H Shaheen, N. Khalique, A. and Jaffar, M. (2006). Characterization distribution and comparison of selected metals in textile effluents, adjoining soi l and groundwater, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 28, 10-13.Rauf, M. A. Ikram, M. and Shaukat, S. (2002). Water analysis of Rawal lake and its surrounding areas, Journal of the Chemical Society of Pakistan, 24, 271-281.Paul B Tchounwou, Clement G Yedjou, Anita K Patlolla, and Dwayne J Sutton, Heavy Metals Toxicity and the Environment, EXS. (2012) 101 pp. 133164Kumar, A. (1989) Environmental Chemistry, 2nd Edition, Wiley Eastern Limited, New Delhi, pp. 60-64.Tahir, M. A. Chaudary, M. Rasool, M. R. Naeen, T. M. Chughtai, I. R. and Dhami, M. S. I. (1999). Quality of drinking water samples of Sialkot and Gujranwala, Proceedings of Tenth National Chemistry Conference, pp. 62-69.Konrad M, Weber S. Recent advances in molecular genetics of hereditary magnesium-losing disorders. Journal of American Society, Nephrol. (2003)14249260.Dr. James Robbins, Irrigation Water For Greenhouses And Nurseries Agriculture And Natural Resources , FSA6061.Hodgkin AL, Huxley AF (1952). Currents carried by sodium and potassium ions through the membrane of the giant axon of Loligo. Journal of Physiology 116 (4) 449472.Afzal Shah,Abdul Niaz,Nazeef Ullah,Ali Rehman,Muhammad Akhlaq,Muhammad Zakir,andMuhammad Suleman Khan Comparative Study of Heavy Metals in Soil and Selected Medicinal Plants Journal of Chemistry, Volume20137.Simmer K, Thompson RP. Zinc in the fetus and newborn. Acta Paediatr Scand Suppl (1985) 319158-63.Fabris N, Mocchegiani E. Zinc, human diseases and aging. Aging (Milano) (1995) 777-93.Maret W, Sandstead HH. Zinc requirements and the risks and benefits of zinc supplementation. J Trace Elem Med Biol (2006) 203-18.Radojevic, M. and Bashkin, V. N. (1999). Practical Environmental Analysis, Royal Society of Chemistry, Cambridge, UK.1

Fuzzy Logic Based Smart Solar Power MPPT

hazy logic Based Smart Solar Power MPPTDesign and Optimization of a woolly Logic Based Smart Solar Power Maximum Power Point TrackerA. Kocaba and H.. OkumuKaradeniz Technical University, Trabzon/TurkeyAbstract- As the issue of efficiency is adept of the most important completes of solar effect contemporaries, upper limit creator point tracking (MPPT) trunks have an important responsibility in solar power management dodges in solar power generation. This paper includes canvass of the design and improvement of foggy logic based solar power MPPT, and the methodology to pass on the best governing body performance. MPPT system was evaluated at the DC-DC power converters ability of impedance conversion point of view and cooperation of dazed logic theory. The parameters of muddled inference system are optimized to obtain the fastest and accurate system responses. The performance of the proposed fuzzy logic based MPPT under miscellaneous operating conditions compared and i mprovement of this performance is dealt with. The fuzzy logic MPPT service realized using a buck-boost power converter. Computer simulations practiced and simulation results also represented. Keywords- Maximum Power Point Tracking, Fuzzy Logic Control, Solar Power Generation. Solar power is one of the most harmless and cleanest, plentiful supply of energy in the world. It is unfailing and like to be our fundamental supply of power in future 1-2. Solar power has already used widely for industrial, commercial, residential and military applications. Performance of solar power generation by photovoltaic (PV) cells depends on the environmental conditions such as insolation, sunlight tilt, load regenerations, airmass and cell temperature 10. Power converter units should be associated with the PV cells and the load to control the power f deplorable from the PV cells to the load. PV systems use MPPT systems to maximize power payoff, by the ability of continually arranging the occupatio n ratio increment command of the switching device in the power converter unit. Algorithms used in MPPT systems maximize power extractions of PV cells by controlling the duty ratio of the power converter with the changing PV cell output variable combinations like changes in power versus changes in emf etc. MPPT algorithms such as perturb and observe, incremental conductance have been evaluated until now. 3. Unchanging step coat for the control signal, increment of the duty ratio command, used in these methods. Too small steps sizes cause slow tracking process and too overlarge step sizes cause oscillations around the maximum power point (MPP).To perform automatically adjusting step sizes, variable step sizing algorithms such as fuzzy logic has been developed 4-7. Specification of fuzzy logic controllers is made according to their skill of simulating human thinking. Different than conventional controllers, fuzzy controllers have the ability to observational methods and their resul ts to design variable step sizes of control signals without the need of understanding the systems mathematical model 9. Effectiveness of the MPPT algorithm is directly related with the input and the output variables that are selected for the system. In general for output variable, duty ratio of the power switch selected. As input variables power (P) versus voltage (V) slope and changes of the slope, P-V slope and variation of power, variation of power and variation of voltage, sum of conductance and increment of conductance would be selected 8. In this paper as inputs of the controller variation of power and variation of voltage, as an output duty ratio of the power switch selected.Sunpower SPR-305E-WHT-D (One series module and one parallel strings) PV panel used for simulations in this paper. The distinctives of the PV panel at 25 C and at various peter levels are shown in experience 1. The characteristics of the PV panel at 1000 W/m2 and at various temperature levels are shown in double 2. To assume the analysis simple, we have worked on resistive load. Figure 3 illustrates the circuitry of PV panel and resistive load, and current (I)-voltage (V) characteristics with an tool 1000 W/m2 and temperature of 25 C. The intersection of the I-V characteristic curve (blue) of the PV panel and load I-V curve (red) is the operating point of the system. From this figure it can be observed that the operating point changes with the change of the load value. The maximum power point (MPP) can be achieved through proper selection of the load. Maximum power may be extracted from the PV array by incorporating an intelligent chemical mechanism altering the load resistance of the PV array. Power converters are usually used to achieve this purpose.Figure 1. The characteristics of the PV panel at 25 C and at various irradiation levels.Figure 2. The characteristics of the PV panel at 1000 W/m2 and at various temperature levels.Figure 3. PV system with resistive loadFigure 4 shows the impede diagram of the investigated MPPT system. The system includes a PV panel, a buck-boost power converter and a fuzzy logic based MPPT controller. The function of controlling power flow from pedigree to the load is carried out by the zeta type buck-boost converter as shown in Figure 5. The values of converter circuit elements are Lin = 11 H, L1 = 378 H, CIN = C1 = 1000 F and CPV = 680 F. The pulse width modulation (PWM) switching frequency was set to 200 kHz. Internal resistances were ignored to obtain (1) on the converters input and output voltage equating in steady state (1)If we assume that converter operates lossless with a resistive load RL, the value of the power obtained from this PV system would be (2)It is demonstrated additionally, in Figure 5, that P-V curves at miscellaneous irradiation levels according (2) and miscellaneous duty ratio commands with the ohmic load 3 . The intersections show the operating points of PV system.In this bailiwick fuzzy theory is used to design the MPPT controller. Required fuzzy input variables are generated by fuzzy MPPT controllers by reading voltage and current signals obtained from the PV panel. The fuzzy input variables would then can be used to calculate the increment of the duty ratio command for adjusting operating point of the PV panel in recount to maximize the power extraction. In Figure 6 the flowchart of the calculation process illustrated. Designs of fuzzy controllers are varies according to the input variables selected. As mentioned before in this paper as input variables, variation of power and variation of voltage of the PV array selected.Figure 4. Solar MPPT system.Figure 5. Power converter and PV power characteristics.Figure 6. Flowchart of calculation process.A. Fuzzy MPPT Tracking AlgorithmIn this study fuzzy logic MPPT system used variations of PV cell power output (PPV) and variations of voltage (VPV) as the fuzzy input variables. By using MATLAB Simulink proposed solar power maxi mum power point tracking system implemented and universe of hash out (UOC) of input and output membership functions determined. After determination of UOD membership functions, they are grouped with the names negative big, negative small, zero, positive small, positive big (NB, NS, ZE, PS, PB). Fuzzy rules database is shown in Figure 7. Iterations made by moving on the P-V slopes specified regions as shown in the figure 7.Figure 7. Fuzzy rules for algorithm using PPV and VPV as the inputs.First of all symmetric membership functions used in the simulations as shown in Figure 9 and then asymmetrical membership functions used as shown in Figure 10. The performance difference compared then. For fuzzification Mamdani method and for defuzzification centre of gravity method used in this study. Fuzzy interface system evaluated by using MATLAB Simulink fuzzy logic toolbox.Figure 8. Fuzzy controller s surface of rule base.Figure 9. (a) Membership function for PPV (b) Membership function for VPV (c) Membership function for increment of duty ratio command.Figure 10. Asymmetrical input membership functions (a) Membership function for PPV (b) Membership function for VPV (c) Membership function for increment of duty ratio command.Purposed MPPT system is simulated by using different types of membership functions for comparison and validation. MATLAB/Simulink model block diagram of the system is shown in Figure 11.Figure 11. MATLAB/Simulink model block diagram of the systemBy using membership functions shown in Figure 9 the simulation results obtained as shown in Figure 12 and by using membership functions shown in Figure 10 the simulation results obtained as shown in Figure 13.Figure 12. pretence results (symmetrical membership functions used)Figure 13. Simulation results (asymmetrical membership functions used)As shown in figures above when symmetrical membership functions used the fuzzy controlling system was unable to respond quickly to the rapid changes of irradiation so that fitting time of output power curve was longer and this is a disadvantage of the controlling system that is undesired. Beside at low irradiance levels MPPT controller couldnt reveal accurate control signals and PV panels operating point was different than the maximum power point.The performance difference of the designed system when two types of membership functions used separately can be seen more clearly from Figure 14.Figure 14. Output power of PV panel.Here we can see the disadvantages of using symmetrical membership functions. To catch this problem and improve the system response speed to the changes of irradiation then asymmetrical membership functions has developed. Another benefit of developed system is that, at low irradiation levels precision of MPPT is more higher.In this paper a fuzzy logic based solar maximum power point tracking system was designed and different types of membership functions were used to optimize system power generation performance. To achie ve the goal of higher precision and fastest system responses to the changes of irradiation levels different types of membership functions of inputs of fuzzy inference system were researched and compared with each other. It was revealed that using asymmetrical membership functions in the fuzzy logic controller had improved system performance at all operating conditions. From the results of simulations it can be inferred that the system performance is directly related with the optimization of the membership functions of fuzzy inference system. This study also leads to the study of the designing methodology of optimization of asymmetrical membership functions for better system performance.References1 multinational zero Agency. Technology Roadmap Solar Photovoltaic Energy, IEA Publications Paris, France, 2014.2 K. Tomabechi, Energy Resources in the Future. Energies 2010, pp. 686-6953N. Femia, G. Petrone, G. Spagnuolo, M. Vitellio, Optimization of Perturb and Observe Maximum Power Poin t Tracking Method. IEEE Trans. Power Electron. 2005, pp. 963-973.4T. Yong, B. Xia, Z. Xu, W. Sun, Modified Asymmetrical Variable Step Size incremental Conductance Maximum Power Point Tracking Method for Photovoltaic Systems. J. Power Electron. 2014, pp. 156-164.5C.S. Chin, P. Neelakantan, H.P. Yoong, K.T.K. Teo, Optimisation of Fuzzy Based Maximum Power Point Tracking in PV System for Rapidly Changing Solar Irradiance. Trans. Sol. Energy Plan. 2011, pp. 130-1376T. Radjai, P.J. Gaubert, L. Rahmani, The new FLC-Variable Incremental Conductance MPPT Direct Control Method Using Cuk Converter. In Proceedings of the 2014 IEEE 23rd International Symposium on Industrial Electronics (IEIE), Istanbul, 2014, pp. 2508-2513.7R. Rahmani, M. Seyedmahmoudian, S. Mekhilef, R. Yusof, Implementation of Fuzzy Logic Maximum Power Point Tracking Controller for Photovoltaic System. 2013, pp.209-218.8J-K. Shiau, Y-C. Wei, B-C. C, A Study on the Fuzzy Logic Based Solar Power MPPT Algorithms Using Different Fuzzy Input Variables. ISSN 1999-4893, 2015.9T.J. Ross, Fuzzy Logic With Engineering Applications, vol 2, pp. 1-652.10R. Hernanz, C. Martin, Z. Belver, L. Leseka, Z. Guerrero, P. Perez, Modelling of Photovoltaic Module., International multitude on Renewable Energies and Power Quality, 2010.

Analysis of the Basketball Free Throw

Analysis of the Basket formal Free cast outAnalysis of the Basket clunk Free ThrowAbstractThe purpose of this paper is to analyze lay off throw gibe in basketball and to demonstrate the relationship between structural and functional manakin and movement performance. This paper will discuss the energys and actions that are pregnant for the movement and how these muscles relate specifically to the movement outcome, limiting/facilitating sticks and associated structures. Also discussed is the combination of muscle and give voice heads important for movement achiever. We also briefly discuss the sources of movement failure. The final section of this paper will discuss how this movement is critical for success in sport and what happens with ripening, disease, or injury that can compromise function and ability to perform the movement.IntroductionThe put down throw snatch is one the most important nacreouss in basketball. In fact, around 20% of all points scored in the NCAA Di vision 1 are from free throws shots (Kozar, Vaughn, Lord, Whitfield, Dve 243-248). The importance of this shot increases later in the play, because free throws t kibosh to comprise greater percentage of the points that are scored in the last 5 minutes than the initial 35 minutes by either the wining or the losing team (Kozar et al., 123-129). The free throw shot is considered as the easiest shot for a professional basketball player, as the player stands alone, 15 feet away from the hoop with no defense or distraction. The player needfully to commence ready target, prime the ball and shoot (Okubo Hubbard, 2006). A successful free throw shot requires darksome concentration, and most importantly good mechanics to take a perfect shot.While a free throw shot does not seem homogeneous an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in a bole work together in isotonic contractions, utilizing multiple muscle groups in creating the movement. A free throw shot engages elbow, hip and mortise-and-tenon joint extensors in addition to wrist and articulatio humeri flexors. In the case of the knees, the joints are hinged and the movement starts with a flexion, preparing for the free throw. Quadriceps and hamstrings become the antagonist and the agonist. This movement happens as you utilize knee flexion so that the muscles work in pairs. Hamstring contraction pulls the joints which makes the individuals bow their knees. The next movement after the flexion is the knee appurtenance. When the shooter unwraps the ball, the quadriceps is the agonist and the hamstring is the antagonist. The upper body sequence would be accessory of trunk, shoulder flexion that will follow extension of elbow and wrist flexion. A common error during the shot is performing shoulder flexion and elbow extension at once, so that the elbow extension contributes less in taking the shot and is combined with the shoulder flexion rather than adding to the hand velocity. As the ba ll is brought up with use of both hands, it passes directly in the front of shooters eyes and the shot is aimed with the eyes underneath the basketball (Alexander 9).When the trunk moves from its flexed agency to an extension, the upward movement of trunk would push downward(a) on the lumbar vertebrae, pushing down on the sacroiliac joints, which in turn will push down on the bodys hip joints. knee joint joints respond to downward force transmitted by the hips by producing a greater knee flexion. Players who, for various reasons, do not see the needed trunk flexion in this stage of the free throw shot would decrease their ability to load their legs for the shot and consequently might end up losing full contribution of leg extension from the deeply flexed position to free throw. It has been suggested that trunk extension can table service in triggering more forceful moment of knee extension. Additionally, a deeper trunk extension produces added hyperextension at the neck area h elping the shooter to retain the focalisation on the rim (Oddsson 109-118).Following the release of the ball, the final phase of a shot, the follow finished, occurs. During this clock time, all joints continue moving through the end of its full motion range following the release of the ball. In a skilled follow through, both legs fully extend and the toes points towards the floor. The trunk is aligned vertically with stroke hip, ankle and the knee. Additionally it aligns with the shooting arms joints, bringing the upper and lower extremities into harmony (Alexander, 16). The shift of the shooting shoulder should be somewhere between 140-150degrees of the shoulder flexion. Generally, the closer the shooting arm is to vertical, the greater the amount of vertical force that is applied to the shot. The trunk is often rotated away from shooting hand. This helps in run along up the shooting shoulder and the arm with the rim. This trunk rotation would happen at the moment the ball is released from the shooters hand (Alexander, 18).In cases when the ball gets released too late or too early, the balls velocity would not optimize as the elbow and wrist joints speed up or slow down rather than staying in the peak velocity. The wrist flexion provides the ultimate thrust for releasing the ball and helps in determining both the angle of projection and velocity of the ball (Martin 127-133).A common failure in free throw technique occurs when joint range of motion does not reach its end point and stops movement early, before the release of the shot, resulting in a decreased velocity of the basketball at the release.As far as joint movement pattern is concerned, there is not a huge difference between the success rate of the shot and the angle of the joint from where the ball is being shot. But, some dissimilarity can be found that could possibly determine the success of scoring a basket. whizz such dissimilarity is the joints peak angulate velocity involved in the free throw. The knee, hip and the ankle joints have a higher peak angular velocity in comparison between successful and unsuccessful free throws. Distinctively, the angular velocity of the upper body joints during successful attempts have a lower peak angular velocity than that of missed shots. Additionally, proximal joints that are found closer to the hub and trunk of the body are utilized earlier than the distal joints more commonly associated with the free throw. In sum, movement and energy start from the core and work their way outward towards the distal extremities.Full range of elbow movement relates to greater success in free throw shots. However, it should be noted that this is also accompanied by a slight flexion in individuals shooting elbow which occurs around mid-range and not at the full extension. By allowing the shooters wrist to remaining between full flexion and full extension during the release, maximum velocity can be achieved when the basketball is released (Alexande r 10). Unsuccessful shots are often associated with periods of longer muscle activation. Measurement conducted with use electromyography suggests that muscle tension needs to be minimal at the release for successful free throw shooting. Shots that require the least amount of energy expended during the release are the easiest for controlling and have the highest probability for success (Huston Grau 49-64). In addition, height of release is also found to be crucial in success of the shot, as successful shots are cogitate to height ratio that is calculated by comparison of the shooters standing height to the shooters release height. The rule is The higher the release height, the better the shot (Hudson 242-251).There are some errors that turn out to be common in Free throw shooting for most individuals. One such reason is poor alignment that happens when shooters fail in lining up the shooting side knee, hip, shoulder and elbow with a line through the ball towards the basket. Another common reason is lack of backspin that happens when players apply side spin during the release or avoid any spin at the time of release. Having low arc on the shot makes players, who have insufficient shoulder trunk or elbow extension, flexion at the time of release make the ball release too flat. Relaxation of the shooting arm is needed at time of shot, with only active mover muscles needing to be contracted slice complimentary muscles should be relaxed and loose. Full follow through is important as players need to finish their in the goose full-neck position of their shooting hand with coat of arms pointing towards the ceiling and hands pointing at the basket. Some other reasons for failure are interference of non-shooting hand, shooting ball too hard, high tension on the shooting arm, taking off the shot angle and leaning at the time of release (Alexander 17-18).As mentioned in the introduction, free throw shot are considered as some of the easiest shots for a professional ba sketball player to make. However, a decline in performance is witnessed in the free throw attempts of basketball athletes in their post-injury and aging days. This drop-off in free throw attempt numbers is also demonstrated in abysmal shot rates, plummeting usage rates and inability to prepare their own offense. Taken as a whole there is an expected and obvious drop in the efficiency of almost all athletes as they get grow old and start sustaining injuries. The reason behind this is simple physiology, as the body starts aging the ligaments and tendons start losing water, making them less elastic and more fragile. Knee troubles are common trouble for most experienced and newly retired basketball players as with age knee troubles start to disturb athletes (Wagner). ConclusionEvery muscle in human body comprises of a network of fibers that are responsible for certain types of movements. When a human body engages in playing a game like basketball, these muscle fibers start to make the movements in conjunction with directions from your brain. This is seen functions like dribbling, running, passing, catching, rebounding, dunking and of course hitting free throws. The actions taken causes muscle contractions, that is, specific movement to lengthen, edit out and stay the same. While the free throw shot does not seem like an action that needs a lot of movement, muscle groups and joints in the body work together in isotonic contractions, creating the movement and allowing the body to perform even the most routine and fundamental actions.Works CitedKozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E. Basketball free-throw performance set implications. ledger of Sport Behavior. 18.2 (1995) 123-129.Kozar, B., Vaughn, R. E., Lord, R. H., Whitfield, K. E., Dve, B. Importance offree throws at various stages of basketball games. Perceptual and Motor Skills.78.1 (1994) 243-248.Okubo, H., Hubbard, M. (2006). Dynamics of the basketball shot with application tothe free t hrow. Journal of Sport Sciences, 24(12), 1303-1314.Alexander, M. Mechanics of the Basketball Free Throw. University of Manitoba. umanitoba.ca, n.d. Web. 10 Mar. 2014.Hess, C. Analysis of the jump shot. Athletic Journal, 61.3 (1980) 30-32.Martin, T. P. Movement analysis applied to the basketball jump shot. PhysicalEducator, 38.3 (1981) 127-133.Huston, R. L., Grau, C. A. Basketball shooting strategies- the free throw, directshot and layup. Sports Engineering. 6.1 (2003) 49-64.Oddsson, L. Co-ordination of a simple voluntary multi-joint movement withpostural demands trunk extension in standing man. Acta Physiol Scand. 134.1 (1988) 109-118.Hudson, J. L. Coordination of segments in the vertical jump. Medicine andScience in Sports and Exercise, 18.2 (1986) 242-251. Wagner, K. How An Achilles Tear Affects NBA Players (Or, Why Kobe Is Screwed). Regressing. regressing.deadspin.com. 15 Apr 2013. Web. 10 Mar 2014.

Expressionism in Black Swan Essay examples -- Film Analysis

The Black Swan is a psychological thriller that documents a prima(predicate) ballerinas descent into madness. Nina Sayers is a dancer at a New York City ballet company. Her mother is a very controlling, ex-ballerina whose career ended when she became pregnant with Nina. Having forced his current prima ballerina into retirement, Thomas Leroy, the companys director, is searching for someone worthy enough to play the Swan Queen in his next production. Despite his doubts about her ability to successfully dance the role of the Black Swan, he gives the role to Nina. However, Nina fears Lily is trying to steal the Swan Queen role from her especially when Leroy makes Lily Ninas understudy. As they move win into the production, Ninas strive for perfection with the White and Black Swan roles causes a slow descent of her mental state. By using a variety of expressionistic techniques, conductor Darren Aronofsky uncovers Ninas worsening psychosis. (Huggo)Obsessive Compulsive Disorder is an anxi ety trouble oneself characterized by uncontrollable, unwanted thoughts and repetitive, ritualized behaviors you feel compelled to perform (Segal and Smith, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment). This disorder occurs when the brain becomes obsessed with a specific action or thought. Uncontrollable, recurring thoughts and images, known as obsessions, can take attention away from more beta matters. Compulsions consist of actions and rituals that one is compelled to carry out multiple times. (Segal and Smith, Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment) Ninas obsession is perfection. She states repeatedly that she just wants to be perfect (Aronofsky). Her compulsion is practice. No matter ho... ...chiatrists-diagnose-natalie-portmans-portrayal-psychosis/story?id=12436873&page=1.Schoenstadt, Arthur. Bulimia. Bulimia. 23 Sept. 2008. Web. 22 may 2012. .Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. Anorexia Nervosa Signs, Symptoms, Causes, Effects, and Treatment. Helpguide.org. May 2012. Web. 15 May 2012. .Segal, Jeanne, and Melinda Smith. Obsessive-Compulsive Disorder (OCD) Symptoms, Behavior, and Treatment. Helpguide.org Understand, Prevent and Resolve Lifes Challenges. Apr. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. .Segal, Jeanne and Melinda Smith. Understanding Schizophrenia. Helpguide.org. Jan. 2012. Web. 10 May 2012. .

Prayer in School Essay -- Religion Argumentative Argument Papers

entreaty in SchoolAs the bell rings you straits through the lunchroom doors. It seems just like any ordinary day. You smelled the mystery lunch as soon as you walked in, you fought your way into the lunch line, and you saw the principal escorting well-nigh troublemaking kids from their tables. But wait, those kids werent the usual trouble makers. They were the kids that ever follow the rules and even pray before lunch. Was this some kind of alternate universe? No, they were actually in trouble. No one ever paid it much attention but praying in school was against the rules. Why is it that our school system is so concerned with students that pray when in that location are students with problems that deserve much more attention? Students should not be punished for exercising the religious beliefs. Religion is a part of life, it always has been and it always will be. I believe that prayer should be allowed in school because it is a constitutional right, it encourages moral s and values and students showing devotion to their religious practices doesnt endure anyone.The Downfall of a NationThere were times in this country where religion was mandatory in the public school curriculum. However, as early as the 1850?s the Superintendent of Schools in New York stated that prayers could no longer be required as part of public school curriculum. The Cincinnati Board of instruction decided in 1869 that religious instruction and the reading of religious books, including the Holy Bible, were taboo in the common schools of Cincinnati.? By 1962/1963 the United States Supreme Court had prohibited bible reading and school organized prayers. In the past the Supreme Court had consistently ruled against religious practices in the public... ...nity Today. July (2003). 03 Oct. 2003 2. Annie Laurie Gaylor. ?The Case Against School Prayer?. 1995. Freedom From Religion Foundation. 03 Nov. 2003. 3. Unknown Author(s). School Prayer Case History. 200 3. School-Prayer.net 03 Nov. 2003 . 4. Unknown Author(s). School Prayer. 26 Sept. 2003. Internet Infidels. 03 Nov. 2003 http//infidels.org/library/modern/church-state/prayer.html 5.Unknown Author(s). The Constitution. 10 Nov. 2003http//www.law.cornell.edu/constitution/constitution.billofrights.html